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Definition and classification of models

模型是对现实世界的事物、现象、过程或系统的简化描述，或其部分属性的模仿。在一般的意义下是指模仿实物或设计中的构造物的形状制成的雏型，其大小可以分为缩小型、实物型和放大型。有些模型甚至连细节都跟实物一模一样，有些则只是模仿实物的主要特征。模型的意义在于可通过视觉了解实物的形象，除了具有艺术欣赏价值外，在教育、科学研究、工业建设、土木建筑和军事等方面也有极大的效用。随着科学技术的进步，人们将研究的对象看成是一个系统，从整体的行为上对它进行研究。这种系统研究不在于列举所有的事实和细节，而在于识别出有显着影响的因素和相互关系，以便掌握本质的规律。对于所研究的系统可以通过类比、抽象等手段建立起各种模型。这称为建模。模型可以取各种不同的形式，不存在统一的分类原则。按照模型的表现形式可以分为物理模型、数学模型和结构模型。

A model is a simplified description of things, phenomena, processes, or systems in the real world, or an imitation of some of their properties. In a general sense, it refers to a prototype made by imitating the shape of physical objects or structures in design, and its size can be divided into miniaturization, physical type, and enlargement. Some models even have the same details as the real object, while others only imitate the main features of the real object. The significance of models lies in their ability to visually understand the image of physical objects. In addition to having artistic appreciation value, they also have great utility in education, scientific research, industrial construction, civil engineering, and military affairs. With the advancement of science and technology, people view the research object as a system and study it from a holistic perspective. This type of systematic research is not about listing all facts and details, but about identifying significant influencing factors and interrelationships in order to grasp the essential laws. Various models can be established for the studied system through analogy, abstraction, and other means. This is called modeling. The model can take various forms and there is no unified classification principle. According to the representation of models, they can be divided into physical models, mathematical models, and structural models.

物理模型

physical model 

也称实体模型，又可分为实物模型和类比模型。①实物模型：根据相似性理论制造的按原系统比例缩小（也可以是放大或与原系统尺寸一样）的实物，例如风洞实验中的飞机模型，水力系统实验模型，建筑模型，船舶模型等。②类比模型：在不同的物理学领域（力学的、电学的、热学的、流体力学的等）的系统中各自的变量有时服从相同的规律，根据这个共同规律可以制出物理意义完全不同的比拟和类推的模型。例如在一定条件下由节流阀和气容构成的气动系统的压力响应与一个由电阻和电容所构成的电路的输出电压特性具有相似的规律，因此可以用比较容易进行实验的电路来模拟气动系统。

Also known as physical models, they can be divided into physical models and analog models Physical model: A physical model manufactured according to the theory of similarity, which is scaled down (or can be enlarged or the same size as the original system) according to the original system, such as an aircraft model in wind tunnel experiments, a hydraulic system experimental model, a building model, a ship model, etc Analogy model: In different fields of physics (mechanics, electricity, thermodynamics, fluid mechanics, etc.), the variables of each system sometimes follow the same law. Based on this common law, models with completely different physical meanings can be created for analogy and analogy. For example, under certain conditions, the pressure response of a pneumatic system composed of a throttle valve and a gas volume has a similar pattern to the output voltage characteristics of a circuit composed of resistance and capacitance. Therefore, a circuit that is relatively easy to experiment with can be used to simulate pneumatic systems.

数学模型

mathematical model 

用数学 语言描述的一类模型。数学模型可以是一个或一组代数方程、微分方程、差分方程、积分方程或统计学方程，也可以是它们的某种适当的组合，通过这些方程定量地或定性地描述系统各变量之间的相互关系或因果关系。除了用方程描述的数学模型外，还有用其他数学工具，如代数、几何、拓扑、数理逻辑等描述的模型。需要指出的是，数学模型描述的是系统的行为和特征而不是系统的实际结构。

A type of model described in mathematical language. A mathematical model can be an algebraic equation, differential equation, difference equation, integral equation, or statistical equation, or an appropriate combination of them, which quantitatively or qualitatively describes the interrelationships or causal relationships between variables in the system. In addition to mathematical models described by equations, there are also models described by other mathematical tools such as algebra, geometry, topology, mathematical logic, etc. It should be pointed out that mathematical models describe the behavior and characteristics of a system rather than its actual structure.

结构模型

Structural model

主要反映系统的结构特点和因果关系的模型。结构模型中的一类重要模型是图模型。此外生物系统分析中常用的房室模型等也属于结构模型。结构模型是研究复杂系统的有效手段。

A model that mainly reflects the structural characteristics and causal relationships of the system. An important type of model in structural models is graph models. In addition, commonly used room models in biological system analysis also belong to structural models. Structural modeling is an effective means of studying complex systems.

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